Midterm Exam Essay Example for Free

Midterm Exam Essay1. Cross-sectional study involves the observation of somewhat sub dumbfound of a population of items all at the same time. Groups can be compargond at different ages with reward to independent variables. This study differs from the longitudinal study beca hire it takes place at a single point in time. In a longitudinal study, the same observations are made over different periods usually spanning some(prenominal) years. This type of study looks into developments and trends across generations or life spans.Cross-sectional studies can be used when a researcher has time constraints usually this method is done in expedition trips which look at a genuine group in a matter of several(prenominal) weeks to months. One weakness of this approach is that it does non encompass the changes over time. This becomes the strength of the longitudinal method of study. It can trace the development of a certain phenomenon or fad thru its infancy up until the time it disappears, one downside though is that it required a stagger of time and effort to complete.2. natural depression-spirited syndrome is caused by an abnormal cell division of the 21st chromosome. The problem occurs when thither is extra genetic material from the said chromosome and is responsible for the characteristic features and developmental problems of Down syndrome. Down syndrome has several symptoms or characteristics, most common of all are flattened facial features, protruding tongue, small head, upward(a) slanting eyes which are unusual for the kids ethnic group, and unusually shaped ears.Down syndrome carries with it several run a risks which include heart defects, leukemia, and proneness to infectious diseases, dementia, and other problems such as gastrointestinal blockage, pathetic vision, or hearing loss. 3. One of the most striking risks of infants with low birth rates is that they have a 25% chance of dying before reaching the age of one. These infants also have increased risk of long term disability and impaired development, usually in terms of motor and social development. can smokers and black people are the ones which are most likely to have low birth lean infants compared to other social classes. 4. One of the most important benefits of breast feeding is that it is the best source of alimentation for the showtime six months of life. It contains appropriate amounts of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and provides digestive enzymes, minerals, vitamins and most importantly, hormones that infants require. The milk from the mother also contains antibodies which shield the youngster from infections.Breastfeeding also reduces the risk of ear infections, stomach infections, and digestive problems such as constipation, skin diseases, allergy problems, and hospitalizations during the first year of life. In addition, breastfed babies may have less risk of becoming overweight or evolution high blood pressure, diabetes, iron-deficiency anemia, and tooth de cay. Breastfeeding in poor countries such as those in Africa is very important because infants that are not breastfed are 5 times more likely to die from infections in the first twain months of life.This is important considering that these countries do not have proper medical care for these kidren. 5. Piaget discusses foursome important factors of cognitive change, namely the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. In the sensorimotor stage, infants are born with a set of congenital reflexes that allow them to float in the heavily dense world, in addition to a causa to explore their world. In the preoperational stage, nestlingren demonstrate sparse and logically inadequate mental operations, in this stage, the child learns to use and represent objects by images and words.There are two stages, the preconceptual and the intuitive. In the preconceptual stage, the child is marked by egoistical thinking and animistic though, while in the i ntuitive stage, the child starts employing mental activities to solve problems and obtain goals. In the concrete operational stage, the child learns how to use his/her logic in tackling problems however, children can only solver problems that throw to actual objects or events. Finally, in the formal operation stage, the child acquires the ability to think abstractly and scoop out logical and reasonable conclusions from the information available.6. Types of children can be described using Thomas and Chess fashion model of temperament. One of these types are shy children, these children are more or less inactive, suffering from less sure manner, have low distractibility, pulls back and cries when exposed to new things and strangers, not easily adaptive, low attention span, low levels of response, unfriendly behavior, and take little notice of changes in stimulation. Fearful children exhibit most of the negative criteria in the model of temperament, most obvious of which in their a pproach/avoidance.Fearful children tend to pull back and exclaim sometimes even if the said stimuli are reintroduced (meaning it has been seen by the child before). Aggressive children on the other fall out exhibit such traits as an increased devotion to an activity, and have intense reactions when offered stimuli. 7. There are four attachment classifications, secure, anxious avoidant, anxious resistant and disorganized. In secure attachment, the amount of care is both accordant and sufficient giving the child security everytime the sustain is around, even in the presence of strangers because the child knows that the parent is there to protect and guide him/her.In the anxious-resistant type, care tending(p) by the parent is not ordered because the child is often wary of strangers until the parents return, it means that the parent cares for the child, but is not around all the time. In the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment, the amount of care given by the parent is both incon sistent and insufficient given that the child ignores or avoids the parent. In the disorganized attachment, the care given is either classified by the child as frightening or comes from someone who is frightened.This is caused by either a frightened caregiver, or a very aggressive caregiver. 8. Three language development theories will be compared and contrasted, Chomskys language learnedness device, Piagets cognitive constructivism, and Vygotskys social contructivism and language. Chomsky and Piaget sees language as something which comes with birth, Chomsky and Piaget both focused on how the child developed a language, for Chomsky, he supposes that the ability to learn language is inborn in the form of a Language Acquisition Device (LAD).He was not able to take enough account of the influences of noesis and language have on each others development. In Piagets case, he argues that cognitive development preceded language. He focused more on the childs cognitive development and attri butes it the childs way of representing their familiar worlds. While for Vygotsky, his main concern was the relationship between the development of design and language, his theory melded together Chomsky and Piagets theory and combined them to form his theory that language is first a means of social communication, then gradually promotes both language and cognition.