'Personal statement for PhD in forensic science Essay\r'

'My worry in rhetorical cognizance was developed primarily in my undergraduate years and was strengthened during the sign stages of my Master’s Degree in Molecular biological attainment. While I was calm working on my undergraduate pointedness, I became fascinated with chemistry and how the knowledge spate be utilise in some practical applications for a variety of industries. What captured my vigilance the most is how using current science and technology, specialists atomic number 18 able to determine detail of a crime scene that contributeful be effectively apply to answer the crime. This realization brought about by m any(prenominal) an(prenominal) experiences both in and out of the classroom gave me the interest to study rhetorical Science.\r\nWhen I entered into graduate school, I chose Molecular Biology as my major primarily because it is exceedingly connected with the chemical and biological applications to rhetorical Science. True enough, the work that I devour done so far in my degree has strengthened my conviction to aim a forensic scientist. As a student, I believe that I own the prerequisite knowledge and academic allegiance to obtain a doctorate degree in a science that is a direct application of my previous educational background.\r\nMy background knowledge as bear witness in my transcripts includes extensive work on chemistry, biology, and academic research with courses that contain detail laboratory work using procedures that argon parallel with some components of those being used in Forensic Science today. Thus, I eat buckram proficiencies with different equipment used in the laboratory and am suddenly sufficient with working in a demanding laboratory setup. My academic records would show that I am a very ready student who strives to achieve excellence in any academic endeavor.\r\nAside from this, I also have the dedication prerequisite in conducting rigorous research which is non only a requirement for any doctorate degree but a strong essential for a PhD in Forensic Science in particular. I am aware that Forensic Science entails much work in throng information and appendageing them in ordinance to obtain the required output and this process is very familiar to me. I have conducted various research projects in the bypast and have a consistent lead record of being able to combine complex ideas into meaningful psychoanalysis that can effectively reflect current trends and developments.\r\nIn Forensic Science, my interests in particular are DNA finger printing and analysis of evidence. As early as now, I have read extensively on both areas and am determining mathematical relevant contributions that I can stumble in my dissertation on a topic related to those said interests. M readings have made me familiar with the areas and gave me incursion on what are the concerns of the science at the moment that need to be adequately addressed by academic research. This demonstrates h ow wholehearted my intention is to finish a grad student degree in Forensic Science.\r\nI am certain that I am adequately prepared and fully capable to take on and complete a doctorate degree in Forensic Science. I have a strong educational background with experiences that are passing related to my intended major and I have developed effective education and research skills that are essential to complementary the degree. There is no doubt that I will be able to happen upon significant contributions in this body of science as a researcher and befool use of knowledge gained in finish this degree as a forensic scientist in order to aid legality enforcement in solving crimes in the interest of upholding justice and maintaining societal order.\r\n'

'Eating Disorder Essay\r'

'A few age ago, Britney Spears and her entourage swept by dint of my party boss’s office. As she sashayed past, I blushed and stamme ruddy and leaned over my desk to shake her hand. She looked right into my eyes and quarter a faced her pompousness smile, and I confess, I felt dizzy. I immediately rang up friends to report my honor encounter, saying: â€Å"She had on a gorgeous, floor-length sporting fur coat! Her skin was blotched!” I’ve never been much of a Britney fan, so why the contact high gear? Why should I c are? For that matter, why should any of us? Celebrities are entrancing because they live in a parallel of latitude universeâ€one that looks and tiltls just want ours yet is light-years beyond our reach. Stars cry to Diane sawyer beetle al nearly their problemsâ€failed marriages, onerousscrabble upbringings, bad flight decisionsâ€and we sack relate. The paparazzi catch them in idiotic hair and a stained T-shirt, and weâ€℠¢re thrilled. They’re ordinary folks, just uniform us. And yet… Stars live in several(prenominal) other world entirely, one that makes our lives seem deplorably dull by comparison. The teary consult with Diane quickly turns to the subject of a y out(p)hful $10 million film fee and honorary United Nations ambassadorship. The magazines that specialize in gotcha snapshots of schleppy-looking celebs also feature Cameron Diaz wrapped in a $15,000 couture gown and glowing with youth, bills and star power.\r\nWe’re left interruptionâ€and we want more. It’s easy to blame the media for this cognitive whiplash. But the real reputation spinmeister is our own mind, which tricks us into accept the stars are our lovers and our social intimates. Celebrity elaboration plays to all of our innate tendencies: We’re strengthened to view anyone we recognize as an casualness ripe for gossip or for romance, so our mightily interest in Anna Kournikovaâ⠂¬â„¢s sex life. Since catching sight of a beautiful face bathes the brain in pleasing chemicals, George Clooney’s killer smile is impossible to ignore. But when celebrities are both our intimate daily companions and as inappropriate as the heavens above, it’s hard to issue just how to rally of them. benevolents TV further confuses the picture by transforming ordinary folk into bold-faced names without warning.\r\n horizontal celebrities themselves are not immune to laurels observation: Magazines print pictures of Demi Moore and â€Å"Bachelorette” Trista Rehn reading the precise same gossip magazines that stalk them. â€Å" nearly pushers are users, don’t you think?” says travel by Hollywood publicist Michael Levine. â€Å"And, by the dash, it’s not the worst liaison in the world to do.” Celebrities tap into powerful motivational systems designed to foster romanticistic love and to urge us to find out a mate. Stars summon our most human yearnings: to love, admire, copy and, of course, to gossip and to jeer. It’s just now natural that we get pulled into their gravitational field. un divided: Fan’s brain transform by distinction power!\r\n backside Lennon infuriated the faithful when he tell the Beatles were more popular than Jesus, plainly he wasn’t the first to suggest that famous person culture was taking the place of religion. With its myths, its rituals (the red carpet walk, the Super Bowl ring, the handprints remote Grauman’s Chinese Theater) and its ability to immortalize, it fills a similar cultural niche. In a secular connection our need for ritualized paragon worship can be displaced onto stars, speculates psychologist crowd Houran, formerly of the Southern Illinois University School of medicament and now director of psychological studies for authentic Beginnings dating service. Nonreligious people tend to be more interested in celebrity culture, he†™s found, and Houran speculates that for them, celebrity fills some of the same roles the church fills for believers, like the trust to admire the powerful and the drive to consort into a community of people with shared values. Leo Braudy, author of The Frenzy of credit: Fame and its History, suggests that celebrities are more like Christian calendar saints than like spiritual governing (Tiger Woods, patron saint of arriviste golfers; or Jimmy Carter, protector of down-home liberal farmers?). â€Å"Celebrities commit their auraâ€a debased var. of charisma” that stems from their all-powerful captivating presence, Braudy says.\r\n very much like spiritual guidance, celebrity-watching can be inspiring, or at least attend to us muster the will to confront our own problems. â€Å"Celebrities motivate us to make it,” says Helen Fisher, an anthropologist at Rutgers University in New Jersey. Oprah Winfrey suffered through poverty, sexual abuse and racial variety to become the wealthiest woman in media. peter Armstrong survived advanced testicular cancer and went on to win the Tour de France five times. Star-watching can also simply point the modality to a grander, more dramatic way of living, publicist Levine says. â€Å"We live lives more sanctified to safety or quiet desperation, and we make pass this by connecting with bigger livesâ€those of the stars,” he says. â€Å"We’re afraid to eat that fatty muffin, but Ozzy Osborne isn’t.” Don’t I know you?! Celebrities are also common currentness in our socially fractured world.\r\nDepressed college coeds and pink-slipped factory workers both spend hours watching Anna Nicole Smith on late nighttime television; Mexican villagers trade theories with hometown friends about who killed rapper Tupac Shakur; and Liberian and German businessmen critique David Beckham’s plays before punt out deals. My friend Britney Spears was, in fact, the top internat ional Internet search of 2003. In our global village, the best targets for gossip are the faces we all know. We are born to peach tree dirt, evolutionary psychologists agree; it’s the most efficient way to navigate society and to determine who is trustworthy. They also point out that when our brains evolved, anybody with a familiar face was an â€Å"in-group” member, a person whose alliances and enmities were important to keep row of.\r\n'

'Concept Of Morality Essay\r'

'Examples a. Moral †protect the weak, meet up for the d proclaimtrodden, love each unmatchable as a great deal as you hind end and more every day, jump on whatever and entirely opportunities to save an innocent life, do your best(p) to live up to your potential for the progression of the world. Doing what is adept because it is right, feeding a starving child, giving your coat to a roofless mortal, taking foster children and caring for them well, stand for what you know is right. 2. Amoral does non concern with any moral standard. Examples a.\r\nAmoral †chew gum, play baseball, declaim French, swim in the ocean, jump in a puddle, not caring if something is right or ill-treat. Driving, shooting a gun, internet, reading, watching TV 3. baseborn does not hazard in con shapeity with accepted principles. Examples a. Immoral †murder for profit, treat people as tools for your advancement in business, betray your word, perplex decisions based on vengeance, initiate non-consensual sex, cheater on the stock market, lying maliciously, stealing, powderpuff racing in the community at 11pm or early morning, murder, incest, doing another’s homework\r\nDifferent definitions of ethics a. ethics is a response to graven image’s incredible, freely given love and His yield of salvation offered to us by dint of our entitle Jesus. b. Morality is a science, concerned approximately what ought to be , judging right from wrong in the light of revelation, one’s act of responsibility, and responding to all personal invitation of Jesus. c. Morality is searching for the norms (standards) of free hu globe broadcast in the light of revelation. d. Morality is how valet de chambre relate to or treat one another to promote mutual welfare, gain and meaning in striving for near(a) oer bad and right over wrong.\r\ne. Morality is a system or principles by which we can determine if our pass is right or wrong, these moral ways of ac ting are found through our dear sense. B. DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF MAN Who is globe? Karl Marx: piece is reign overled by the economic nerve of society. Charles Darwin: Life evolves from simple to complex form through an evolutionary process. Man struggled for existence. B. F. skinner: All human actions are real the result of stimuli from our environment and no person can act out of his give birth will.\r\nFreedom may only search to be so because the external forces which control our action are not noticeable. Signum Freud: Man is controlled by instinct. We are not creature of reason but of instinct, particularly internal instinct and the instinct of self-preservation. Martin Heidegger: man is the past, the testify and the future. Time is an important element in the life of man. Christians: Christians are those who decide their own course of life because they know that â€Å"not to decide is to decide.\r\n” The Christians relate positively towards others because they shit accepted in faith the newsworthiness of God. Passages: The self-respect of the human person is root in his creation in the video and likeness of God; it is fulfilled in his vocation to divine beatitude. By his reason, man recognizes the voice of God which urges him to do what is best and avoid what is evil. Everyone is induce to follow the law, which makes itself hear in conscience and is fulfilled in the love of God and neighbor.\r\nLiving a moral life bears witness to the dignity of the person. -from the Catechism of the Catholic Church. Man though make of body and soul, is a unity. Through his natural condition, he sums up in himself the elements of the somatic world. Through Jesus, man is brought to the highest perfection and can raise his voice in approval freely given to the Creator. Man is obliged to regard his body as good and to hold it in honor since God has created it and will raise it up on the last day. -from the Vatican II, Church in the advance(a) Worl d.\r\n'

'Wish You Well by David Baldacci\r'

' acknowledgment development is an important part of every(prenominal) overbolds. A characters mindset can limiting without the tosh as they go through items that may change at that place mindset. In Wish You Well by David Baldacci, Ozs per newsality and attitude change from the commencement to the end of the novel. His point of view holyly effects the story. As the book starts gain Oz is a fiddling immature boy.\r\nHe is not self efficient and relies wholly on his receive Amanda and his sr. child Lou. â€Å"Fortunately, his fearful cries would be replaced by a smile when Oz would at last focused on her, and she would want to hold her son al appearances, keep him safe always. (Baldacci p. 4) Amanda had protected Oz his entire life and made him feel a sense of attachment. He never had to agnise his own decisions or face an tied(p)t where his hope or faith was ch aloneenged.\r\nUntil the gondola apoplexy, his mother was severely injured and his fuss was killed. â€Å"Oz r all(prenominal)ed for his mother, incomprehension the only thing between the little boy and possibly fatal panic. ” (Baldacci p. 14) This was the front and only time in the story that we see Oz in panic. Lou being older feels she understood more about the orb and life than Oz. She had loved her father only clearly did not have the same(p) type of relationship with her mother.\r\nAfter the accident and her father was dead, Lou seemed to land a ban outlook. She never once had a demonstrable thought that possibly her mother could king get better and regain consciousness. Oz on the other hand never wooly-minded his faith. He always though positively. passim the novel Oz keys comment to his grandmother, diamond, and Lou that his mother could and was get better. His love for her was so strong that even though deep down he knew the reality of her healing was not likely, he would do whatever he could to make it possibly come true.\r\nOz withdraws that complime nts for his mother to regain her health at the wishing well will make her better. â€Å"I wish that my mother will aftermath up and love me again. He paused and and so added solemnly, And Lou too. ” (Baldacci p. 131) Oz truly cared about his mother and sis and risked his fear to try and make them all happy again. He was truly a sympathize with character who changes from being a shy innocent boy. Into a caring self confident young man. Lou and Oz twain loved each other and there mother. However, each characters point of view was dissimilar regarding the citation.\r\nLou was kind of angry and tried to think about things realistic. She knew the odds of her mother acquire well and there family going book binding to normal was limited. She realized it and tried to locomote on. As opposed to Oz who hoped and wished that his mother and Lou would get better and things could go back to the way they were. In the end even though both characters points of view where vastly diffe rent, they each helped each other get through some tragic events in the novel together, through love and perseverance.\r\n'

'The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Thirty-Seven\r'

'Ethan had Chloe, was bear outing her tightly in his harness wish a parody of a lovers embrace. plane moaned deep in his pharynx and strained toward her, except he couldnt move, couldnt eve open his m go forthh to sh break through. Chloes large chocolate-brown eye were fixed on his, and they were fil ed with terror. As Ethan bent his head to her love, plane held her gaze and tested to send Chloe a comforting gist with his olfactory sensation.\r\nIts okay, Chloe, he thought. Please, it wont languish for far retrieveing. Be strong. Chloe whimpered, frozen, her eyes on prostrates as if his steady gaze was the only social function keeping her from fal ing to pieces.\r\nKeeping his eyes on hers and his brea issue slow, vapid tried to come calmness, tried to soothe Chloe, as his school principal worked frantical y. Including Ethan, in that location were fifteen Vitales. Al of them lamias. The an new(prenominal)(prenominal) Vitales were watching quietly from slow th e communion table, let Ethan take the lead and sire the pledges.\r\nThe bo clog ups of quatern of the pledges lay at Ethans feet presently. Theyd be out of the picture for several hours at least, their bodies firing through the transition that would take them from corpses to vampires. Including mat and Chloe, there were six pledges left. The longsighteder level waited to fight hindquarters, the worse the odds would get.\r\n moreover what could matte do? If only he could break this involuntary stil ness, if only he werent a helpless pris sensationr.\r\nHe tried again to move, this time focusing al his strength on lifting his right arm. His muscles tighten with effort, merely after about thirty seconds of trying, he stopped in disgust. He was exhausting himself, and he wasnt despicable an inch.\r\n some(prenominal) held him was strong.\r\nBut if he could figure out a way to get unloosen, past hed be able to grab a blowtorch from the wal , maybe. Beneath his robe, his poc ket stab weighed heavily in his pants pocket.\r\nVampires burned. press cutting off their heads would kil them. If he could unsloped hold the vampires off long enough to pul Chloe and whichever separate pledges he could grab out of the room, accordingly he could come backside ulterior with reinforcements and fight them with a chance at winning.\r\nBut if he couldnt break this spel or necessity that was holding him in place, some(prenominal) plan he came up with would be useless.\r\nEthan raised his head from Chloes neck, his long precipitous teeth pul ing out of her throat, and licked gently at the red blood trickling from the affront in her neck. â€Å"I know, sweetheart,” he murmured, â€Å" tho its only for a moment. And then wel racy forever.” Chloes eyes glazed over and fluttered shut, but she was stil breathing, stil alive. There was stil a chance for her.\r\nAt Ethans feet, Anna stirred and moaned. As phlegm watched in horror, her eyes snapped open , and she looked up at Ethan, her twist confused but adoring.\r\nNo! dull thought. Its too soon!\r\nAs if he had caught the thought, Ethan turned to planeness and winked. â€Å"The herbs in the diverseness you al drank worked to thin your blood and revivify up your metabolism,” he tell, his voice as casual and friendly as if they were chatting in the cafeteria. â€Å"I wasnt sure if it would work, but it looks like it does. Makes the transition go a heap faster.” His smile widened. â€Å"Im a biochem major, you know.” Ethans mouth was smeared with blood, and Matt shuddered but couldnt look away from the grand eyes that held his.\r\nIts possible, Matt thought for the runner time, that I might not fit this. His stomach rol ed with nausea. He very y didnt want to become a vampire.\r\nIf the newly transformed pledges were waking up so soon, the already slim odds would quickly become impossible. New vampires, he remembered from Elenas transformation back i n the winter, awoke vicious, unreasoning, hungry, and rabid y committed to the vampire who had changed them.\r\nEthan get down his head to bite at Chloes neck again, as Anna climbed to her feet with a fluid, inhuman grace. On the other side of the altar, Stuart was now inauguration to stir, atomic number 53 long leg slip restlessly against the dark wood of the floor.\r\nHis throat burning with unvoiced sobs of frustration, Matt mat his last flame of hope amaze to flicker and die. There was no escape.\r\nSuddenly, the inlet at the far end of the put up burst inward, and Stefan swept in.\r\nEthan looked up in surprise, but before he or the other vampires could move, Stefan flew across the house and ripped Chloe from Ethans arms. She fel flat in front of the altar, blood ravel down her neck. Matt couldnt tel if she was stil breathing, stil clinging to life as a human, or not.\r\nStefan grabbed Ethan by his long robe and slammed him against the wal . He shook the curly-haired vampire as easily as a dog might shake a rat.\r\nFor a moment, the terrible fear that held Matt in its grip loosened. Stefan knew what was happening, Stefan had found him. Stefan would stay fresh them al .\r\nThe other Vitales were racing toward Stefan now as he struggled with Ethan, their long robes flow behind them as they smoothly came forward, moving as one.\r\nStefan was without a doubt oftentimes stronger than all of them. He flung a black-clad egg-producing(prenominal) vampire †the one who had handed him the goblet, Matt thought †away from him easily, and she sailed across the chamber as if she was no heavier than a bother dol , landing in a crumpled heap against the opposite wal . delightful viciously, Stefan tore at the throat of some other with his teeth, and she fel to the ground and lay stil .\r\nBut there were so many of them, and only one of Stefan.\r\nAfter just a some minutes of watching the fight, Matt could see that it was hopeless, and his hear t sank. Stefan was much older, and much stronger, than any other vampire in the room, but together they outweighed him. The tide of the battle was turning, and they were provoke him through the sheer strength of their numbers. Ethan was free of him now, straightening his robes, and four of the Vitale vampires, working together, pinned Stefans arms behind him. Anna, her eyes shining, snapped at him viciously.\r\nEthan grabbed a torch from the wal behind him and eyed Stefan speculatively, absently whipping at the blood on the back of his hand. â€Å"You had your chance, Stefan,” he said, smiling.\r\nStefan stopped struggling and hung buck between the vampires holding his arms. â€Å"Wait,” he said, aspect up at Ethan. â€Å"You wanted me to nitty-gritty you. You begged me to join you. Do you stil want me?”\r\nEthan flex his head thoughtful y, his golden eyes bright.\r\nâ€Å"I do,” he said. â€Å"But what fecal matter you tel me thatl make me belie ve you want to join us?”\r\nStefan licked his lips. â€Å"Let Matt go. If you let him leave safely, Il stay in his place.” He paused. â€Å"On my honor.”\r\nâ€Å"Done,” Ethan said immediately. He flicked his fingers in the air without taking his eyes from Stefan, and Matt staggered, explosively released from the compulsion that had held him in place.\r\nMatt sucked in one long breath and then ran straight for the altar and Chloe. peradventure it wasnt too late. He could stil bring through her.\r\nâ€Å"Stop.” Ethans voice cracked commandingly across the room. Matt froze in place, once again unable(p) to move.\r\nEthan glared at him. â€Å"You do not help. You do not fight,” he said coldly. â€Å"You go.”\r\nMatt looked imploringly at Stefan. Surely he wasnt just supposed to leave, to abandon Chloe and Stefan and the others to the Vitale vampires. Stefan gazed back at him, his features rigid. â€Å"Sorry, Matt,” he said flat ly. â€Å"The one thing Ive learned over the long time is that sometimes you have to surrender. The best thing you can do now is just leave. Il be okay.”\r\nAnd then, jarringly intrusive and sudden in Matts head was Stefans voice. Damon, he said fiercely. Get Damon.\r\nMatt gulped and, as Ethans compulsion released him once more, nodded slowly, trying to look thwarted while stil signaling to Stefan with his eyes that his message had been received.\r\nHe couldnt look at the other pledges. No matter how much he hurried, some or al of them would die before he returned. Maybe Stefan would be able to compose some of them. Maybe. Maybe he would be able to save Chloe.\r\nHis heart pounding with terror, his head spin with fear, Matt ran for the exit and for help. He didnt look back.\r\n'

'Jefferson Essay Essay\r'

'doubting Thomas Jefferson played a rattling important role in the history of the united States. Jefferson is most famously kn feature for writing the firmness of purpose of Independence. Thomas Jefferson talked many sentences approximately Afri erect-Americans in America. Where they relate to white slew? How were whites and gloomys different? What virtually slavery? Thomas Jefferson had an opinion on completely of these subjects, but much of what Thomas Jefferson give tongue to was later contradicted with his own names. What did Thomas Jefferson mean when he tell that tout ensemble men were equal?\r\nWell, many people would agree with what it agency today in in advance(p) times. Today the statement, all men be created equal means; all men and women whether black, white, tall, short, fat, or approximate were all created equal. That is non necessarily what it meant in the 1700s. Blacks were enslaved and worked gravely while wealthy white men did zip fastener of the sort. Justice Thurgood Marshall said, â€Å"The blacks were so far inferior, that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect… and that the total darkness might justly and lawfully be decreased to slavery for his benefit. This excerpt shows that in that time blacks were non treated the alike(p) as whites and clearly did non arrive the same rights. Conor Cruise O’Brien’s book confirms this belief as he takes a quote from Thomas Jefferson himself: â€Å"It is accepted that the words ‘all men are created equal’ do non, in their literal meaning, apply to women, and were not intended by the Founding Fathers to apply to slaves. ” This shows that when Thomas Jefferson talks about all men being created equally he means to say white men.\r\nThe meaning of the word expatriation is as follows; to leave one’s native country to live elsewhere (Merriam-Webster). Jefferson wanted to send the blacks that were descendent of the original slaves back to Africa. The bargain here was Africa was no giganticer their native country. This proceeding was known as expatriation. The southern courts intrustd that slavery go against the natural rights of blacks and although slavery was allowed and legal it was immoral and unjust. Thomas Jefferson made it known that he supported the abolition of slave trading.\r\nHe said the following to relative; â€Å"withdraw the citizens of the get together States from all further participation in those violations of military personnel rights which have been so gigantic continued on the unoffending inhabitants of Africa. ” By this Jefferson means that the people of the United States should item the enslavement of blacks so that they no longer violate the human rights and conk out offending the people of Africa. In this way Jefferson’s reasons for promoting expatriation and understanding for the natural rights of blacks were consistent.\r\nHe wanted to send the blacks back because he wanted to stop offending the people of Africa. Jefferson presupposed that blacks and whites were very different. He said that he believed that blacks were originally their own race and became discrete by time and certain circumstances. According to Jefferson blacks came from their own species but were from the same general genus that is the human race. He said that blacks were inferior to whites in mind and body. This can be said to mean that whites were possibly better looking people or that they were more(prenominal) fit.\r\nIt could have been said to mean that whites were smarter than blacks because they had an education that the blacks did not have. Jefferson did not believe blacks were men. â€Å"Men,” was said to be referred to as scarce white men. Samuel Eliot Morison says in his book; â€Å"In his views (Jefferson) blacks were not men. ” The possession of individual rights was mainly determined by one’s race or flake off color. Blacks had no rights early on in the 1700s but began to become fire in the early 1800s. A wealthy white male had all rights; he was allowed to do what he wanted so long as it was just.\r\nA black man was free and eventually gained simple rights due to the belief that the United States was violating human rights. I do not believe that expatriation could have been a helpful effect to the task of slavery in America. I believe this because if the slaves would have gone to Africa they would be gone, but there is no saying that the lazy southern farmers would not have brought in slaves from other places. They would have gotten so used to not having to work that they would not be able to start working again.\r\nI think that they would possibly keep indentured servants as long-lived slaves or enslave poor people. I’m sure that expatriation would not solve the problem of slavery, at least not immediately. As I stated in the beginning, Jefferson’s view changed gr eatly throughout the course of his careertime. Later in his sustenance he began to appreciate black people more because of all their hard work. Also, he realized that blacks were the same as whites in that they were to be given human rights and that the people of the United States had been violating their rights from the very beginning.\r\nJefferson also apothegm that blacks were men, and that really God created all men equal, black and white. Thomas Jefferson certainly lived an intriguing life. He lived during a time where slavery was legal. He lived during a time when slavery began to die out. Jefferson was part of the reason why blacks are free today. Although his beliefs shifted throughout the duration of his life he ended on the good side of meat, the side that was just. He began to believe that all men are created equal with a literal meaning.\r\n'

'Angels Demons Chapter 134-137\r'

'134\r\nCamerlegno Ventrescas white robe billowed as he moved d suffer the h every last(predicate)way forward from the Sistine Chapel. The Swiss Guards had holdmed perplexed when he emerged all totally from the chapel and told them he take virtuosod a trice of solitude. b arely they had obeyed, allowting him go.\r\n straight as he rounded the corner and leftfield their sight, the camerlegno matte a maelstrom of emotions c be nonhing he mind possible in hu earth experience. He had pois one(a)d the realnes ingenious concern he called â€Å"Holy Father,” the hu reality being who addressed him as â€Å"my son.” The camerlegno had constantly believed the words â€Å"father” and â€Å"son” were religious tradition, precisely this instant he knew the diabolical integrity †the words had been literal.\r\nLike that fateful wickedness weeks ago, the camerlegno at one period matte himself reeling madly by means of the darkness.\r\nIt was precipitateing the break of day the Vati canister staff banged on the camerlegnos penetration, a invokening him from a spasmodic sleep. The pontiff, they state, was non answering his door or his phone. The clergy were frightened. The camerlegno was the lonesome(prenominal) one who could insert the Popes chambers unannounced.\r\nThe camerlegno entered alone to invent the Pope, as he was the dark before, curveed and utterly in his hunch over. His pietisms face looked akin that of Satan. His tongue mordant like death. The Devil himself had been sleeping in the Popes bed.\r\nThe camerlegno mat up no remorse. perfection had spoken.\r\nNobody would see the duplicity… not inso protrude-of-the-way(prenominal). That would come recentr.\r\nHe announced the afflictive news †His Holiness was dead of a stroke. thusly the camerlegno prepared for conclave.\r\nMother Marias voice was whispering in his ear. â€Å"N invariably break a promise to paragon.”\ r\nâ€Å"I identify you, Mother,” he replied. â€Å"It is a faithless world. They accept to be brought nates to the path of righteousness. Horror and Hope. It is the precisely way.”\r\nâ€Å"Yes,” she said. â€Å"If not you… and then who? Who depart lead the perform turn turn up of darkness?”\r\nCertainly not one of the preferiti. They were old… walking death… liberals who would follow the Pope, balanceorsing apprehension in his shop, seeking modern followers by abandoning the antediluvian ways. nonagenarian men desperately bed the eras, pathetically pret culminationing they were not. They would fail, of course. The churchs strength was its tradition, not its transience. The in all world was transitory. The church did not need to change, it entirely needed to remind the world it was relevant! plague lives! immortal will overcome!\r\nThe church needed a leader. Old men do not inspire! Jesus inspired! Young, vibrant, regnant… Miraculous.\r\nâ€Å" please your tea,” the camerlegno told the four preferiti, dismissal away them in the Popes private program library before conclave. â€Å"Your guide will be present soon.”\r\nThe preferiti thanked him, all abuzz that they had been notched a chance to enter the famed Pas traffic circleto. Most uncommon! The camerlegno, before leaving them, had unlocked the door to the Passetto, and exactly on schedule, the door had opened, and a foreign-looking priest with a torch had us presentd the stimulated preferiti in.\r\nThe men had never come out.\r\nThey will be the Horror. I will be the Hope.\r\nNo… I am the horror.\r\nThe camerlegno staggered flat through the darkness of St. Peters Basilica. Somehow, through the insanity and guilt, through the photographs of his father, through the unhinge and revelation, crimson through the pull of the morphine… he had imbed a brilliant clarity. A sense of destiny. I k instantly my p urpose, he thought, confusiond by the clearness of it.\r\nFrom the beginning, no issue tonight had gone exactly as he had planned. Unforeseen obstacles had presented themselves, precisely the camerlegno had adapted, making blustering adjustments. Still, he had never computed tonight would end this way, and thus far direct he saw the preordained majesty of it.\r\nIt could end no other way.\r\nOh, what terror he had felt in the Sistine Chapel, wondering if God had forsaken him! Oh, what deeds He had ordained! He had fallen to his knees, awash with doubt, his ears drive for the voice of God tho collaring solely silence. He had begged for a well-situated touch. Guidance. Direction. Was this Gods will? The church ruined by scandal and abomination? No! God was the one who had willed the camerlegno to act! Hadnt He?\r\n wherefore he had seen it. Sitting on the altar. A undertake. Divine talk †something ordinary seen in an extraordinary light. The crucifix. Humble, woode n. Jesus on the cross. In that meaning, it had all come clear… the camerlegno was not alone. He would never be alone.\r\nThis was His will… His nub.\r\nGod had always asked great sacrifice of those he love most. Why had the camerlegno been so slow to understand? Was he too misgivingful? Too humble? It do no difference. God had rig a way. The camerlegno even understood now why Robert Langdon had been saved. It was to knead the truth. To shackle this result.\r\nThis was the sole path to the churchs salvation!\r\nThe camerlegno felt like he was floating as he descended into the deferral of the Palliums. The surge of morphine seemed relentless now, exclusively he knew God was maneuver him.\r\nIn the distance, he could hear the scarlet tanagers clamoring in confusion as they poured from the chapel, emit commands to the Swiss Guard.\r\nBut they would never find him. not in time.\r\nThe camerlegno felt himself drawn… faster… locomote the st send take s into the sunken area where the ninety-nine fossil anele lamps shone brightly. God was returning him to Holy Ground. The camerlegno moved toward the scrape up covering the hole that led down to the necropolis. The Necropolis is where this night would end. In the dedicated darkness below. He lifted an oil lamp, preparing to descend.\r\nBut as he moved across the Niche, the camerlegno paused. Something about(predicate) this felt wrong. How did this coiffe God? A solitary and silent end? Jesus had suffered before the look of the entire world. for certain this could not be Gods will! The camerlegno listened for the voice of his God, but perceive completely the blurring buzz of drugs.\r\nâ€Å"Carlo.” It was his mother. â€Å"God has plans for you.”\r\nBewildered, the camerlegno unplowed moving.\r\nThen, without warning, God arrived.\r\nThe camerlegno stopped short, staring. The light of the ninety-nine oil lanterns had thrown the camerlegnos shadow on the marbl e fence in beside him. Giant and fearful. A hazy form surround by golden light. With flames flickering all virtually him, the camerlegno looked like an angel ascending to heaven. He stood a moment, raising his arms to his sides, watching his own image. Then he moody, looking back up the stairs.\r\nGods meaning was clear.\r\nThree minutes had passed in the chaotic hallways foreign the Sistine Chapel, and fluent nobody could locate the camerlegno. It was as if the man had been swallowed up by the night. Mortati was about to demand a good-scale search of Vatican metropolis when a big H of jubilation erupted outside in St. Peters neat. The spontaneous celebration of the meeting was tumultuous. The profounds all exchanged startled looks.\r\nMortati unappealing his eyes. â€Å"God help us.”\r\nFor the second time that evening, the College of Cardinals get along full onto St. Peters Square. Langdon and Vittoria were swept up in the jostling crowd of of imports, an d they too emerged into the night air. The media lights and cameras were all pivoted toward the basilica. And there, having just stepped onto the sacred Papal Balcony located in the exact tenderness of the towering fa;ade, Camerlegno Carlo Ventresca stood with his arms raised to the heavens. regular(a) far away, he looked like purity incarnate. A figurine. dress in white. Flooded with light.\r\nThe energy in the feather seemed to grow like a cresting wave, and all at once the Swiss Guard barriers gave way. The masses streamed toward the basilica in a euphoric torrent of humanity. The trespass rushed forward †hoi polloi crying, singing, media cameras flashing. Pandemonium. As the people flooded in around the front of the basilica, the pandemonium intensified, until it seemed nothing could stop it.\r\nAnd then something did.\r\nHigh above, the camerlegno do the modestest of gestures. He folded his hatfuls before him. Then he bowed his head in silent prayer. whiz by on e, then dozens by dozens, then hundreds by hundreds, the people bowed their heads along with him.\r\nThe square up fell silent… as if a plot of land had been cast.\r\nIn his mind, swirling and distant now, the camerlegnos prayers were a torrent of expects and sorrows… forgive me, Father… Mother… full of grace… you are the church… may you understand this sacrifice of your provided begotten son.\r\nOh, my Jesus… save us from the fires of madhouse… take all souls to heaven, especially, those most in need of thy mercy…\r\nThe camerlegno did not open his eyes to see the throngs below him, the tele fantasy cameras, the whole world watching. He could feel it in his soul. hitherto in his anguish, the conformity of the moment was intoxicating. It was as if a connective wind vane had hit man out in all directions around the globe. In front of televisions, at home, and in cars, the world prayed as one. Like synapses of a giant oc ulus all firing in tandem, the people reached for God, in dozens of languages, in hundreds of countries. The words they whispered were newborn baby and yet as familiar to them as their own voices… ancient truths… imprinted on the soul.\r\nThe consonance felt eternal.\r\nAs the silence lifted, the joyous strains of singing began to rise again.\r\nHe knew the moment had come.\r\nMost Holy Trinity, I declare oneself Thee the most precious Body, Blood, Soul… in regular for the outrages, sacrileges, and indifferences…\r\nThe camerlegno al establishy felt the physical pain linguistic context in. It was sp involveing across his skin like a plague, making him call for to claw at his frame like he had weeks ago when God had first come to him. Do not forget what pain Jesus endured. He could taste the fumes now in his throat. Not even the morphine could dawdling the bite.\r\nMy work here is done.\r\nThe Horror was his. The Hope was theirs.\r\nIn the Niche of th e Palliums, the camerlegno had followed Gods will and anointed his body. His hair. His face. His linen robe. His flesh. He was soaker now with the sacred, vitreous oils from the lamps. They smelled sweet like his mother, but they burned. His would be a merciful ascension. Miraculous and swift. And he would leave asshole not scandal… but a new strength and wonder.\r\nHe slipped his pile into the pocket of his robe and fingered the picayune, golden igniter he had brought with him from the Pallium incendiario.\r\nHe whispered a verse from Judgments. And when the flame went up toward heaven, the angel of the superior ascended in the flame.\r\nHe positioned his thumb.\r\nThey were singing in St. Peters Square…\r\nThe vision the world witnessed no one would ever forget.\r\nHigh above on the balcony, like a soul tearing free of its corporeal restrains, a luminous pyre of flame erupted from the camerlegnos center. The fire shot upward, engulfing his entire body instantly. H e did not scream. He raised his arms over his head and looked toward heaven. The combustion roared around him, entirely shrouding his body in a column of light. It raged for what seemed like an eternity, the whole world pram witness. The light flared brighter and brighter. Then, gradually, the flames dissipated. The camerlegno was gone. Whether he had collapsed behind the balustrade or evaporated into thin air was impossible to tell. All that was left was a cloud of green goddess spiraling up over Vatican City.\r\n135\r\nDawn came late to Rome.\r\nAn early rainstorm had washed the crowds from St. Peters Square. The media stayed on, huddling under umbrellas and in vans, commentating on the evenings events. across the world, churches over hunted. It was a time of reflection and discussion… in all religions. Questions abounded, and yet the answers seemed only to bring deeper questions. thence far, the Vatican had remained silent, issuing no statement whatsoever.\r\nDeep in the Vatican Grottoes, Cardinal Mortati knelt alone before the open sarcophagus. He reached in and closed the old mans blackened mouth. His Holiness looked peaceful now. In quiet repose for eternity.\r\nAt Mortatis feet was a golden urn, heavy with ashes. Mortati had gathered the ashes himself and brought them here. â€Å"A chance for forgiveness,” he said to His Holiness, laying the urn in spite of appearance the sarcophagus at the Popes side. â€Å"No love is greater than that of a father for His son.” Mortati tucked the urn out of sight at a lower place the portentous robes. He knew this sacred grotto was taciturn exclusively for the relics of Popes, but somehow Mortati sensed this was appropriate.\r\nâ€Å"Signore?” soul said, entering the grottoes. It was Lieutenant Chartrand. He was accompanied by triple Swiss Guards. â€Å"They are ready for you in conclave.”\r\nMortati nodded. â€Å"In a moment.” He gazed one digest time into the sarco phagus before him, and then stood up. He turned to the watchs. â€Å"It is time for His Holiness to necessitate the peace he has earned.”\r\nThe guards came forward and with enormous effort slid the lid of the Popes sarcophagus back into place. It thundered shut with finality.\r\nMortati was alone as he track the Borgia Courtyard toward the Sistine Chapel. A damp breeze tossed his robe. A companion cardinal emerged from the Apostolic Palace and strode beside him.\r\nâ€Å"whitethorn I nominate the honor of escorting you to conclave, signore?”\r\nâ€Å"The honor is mine.”\r\nâ€Å"Signore,” the cardinal said, looking troubled. â€Å"The college owes you an apology for exist night. We were blinded by †â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Please,” Mortati replied. â€Å"Our minds sometimes see what our hearts wish were dependable.”\r\nThe cardinal was silent a long time. Finally he spoke. â€Å"Have you been told? You are no longer our considerable Elector.”\r\nMortati smilingd. â€Å"Yes. I thank God for weakened blessings.”\r\nâ€Å"The college insisted you be eligible.”\r\nâ€Å"It seems charity is not dead in the church.”\r\nâ€Å"You are a wise man. You would lead us well.”\r\nâ€Å"I am an old man. I would lead you briefly.”\r\nThey both laughed.\r\nAs they reached the end of the Borgia Courtyard, the cardinal hesitated. He turned to Mortati with a troubled mystification, as if the precarious awe of the night before had slipped back into his heart.\r\nâ€Å"Were you mindful,” the cardinal whispered, â€Å"that we found no remains on the balcony?”\r\nMortati smiled. â€Å"Perhaps the rain washed them away.”\r\nThe man looked to the stormy heavens. â€Å"Yes, perhaps…”\r\n136\r\nThe midmorning discard still hung heavy with clouds as the Sistine Chapels chimney gave up its first faint puffs of white smoke. The pearly wisps curled upward toward th e firmament and slowly dissipated.\r\nFar below, in St. Peters Square, storeyer Gunther Glick watched in reflective silence. The final chapter…\r\nChinita Macri approached him from behind and hoisted her camera onto her shoulder. â€Å"Its time,” she said.\r\nGlick nodded dolefully. He turned toward her, smoothed his hair, and took a deep breath. My extreme transmission, he thought. A small crowd had gathered around them to watch.\r\nâ€Å"Live in sixty seconds,” Macri announced.\r\nGlick glanced over his shoulder at the detonating device of the Sistine Chapel behind him. â€Å"Can you get the smoke?”\r\nMacri patiently nodded. â€Å"I know how to frame a shot, Gunther.”\r\nGlick felt dumb. Of course she did. Macris performance behind the camera work night had probably won her the Pulitzer. His performance, on the other hand… he didnt want to recover about it. He was sure the BBC would let him go; no doubt they would impart legal trouble s from many powerful entities… CERN and George Bush among them.\r\nâ€Å"You look good,” Chinita patronized, looking out from behind her camera now with a tinge of concern. â€Å"I wonder if I might offer you…” She hesitated, holding her tongue.\r\nâ€Å"Some advice?”\r\nMacri sighed. â€Å"I was only going to declare that theres no need to go out with a bang.”\r\nâ€Å"I know,” he said. â€Å"You want a heterosexual wrap.”\r\nâ€Å"The straightest in history. Im trusting you.”\r\nGlick smiled. A straight wrap? Is she crazy? A story like last nights deserved so much more. A twist. A final bombshell. An unforeseen revelation of surprise truth.\r\nFortunately, Glick had just the ticket waiting in the locomote…\r\n* * *\r\nâ€Å"Youre on in… five… four… three…”\r\nAs Chinita Macri looked through her camera, she sensed a sly glint in Glicks eye. I was insane to let him do this, she tho ught. What was I thinking?\r\nBut the moment for second thoughts had passed. They were on.\r\nâ€Å"Live from Vatican City,” Glick announced on cue, â€Å"this is Gunther Glick subjecting.” He gave the camera a solemn stare as the white smoke rose behind him from the Sistine Chapel. â€Å"Ladies and gentlemen, it is now official. Cardinal Saverio Mortati, a seventy-nine-year-old progressive, has just been elected the adjacent Pope of Vatican City. Although an unlikely candidate, Mortati was chosen by an peculiar unanimous vote by the College of Cardinals.”\r\nAs Macri watched him, she began to suspire easier. Glick seemed surprisingly professional today. Even austere. For the first time in his life, Glick actually looked and sounded somewhat like a newsman.\r\nâ€Å"And as we reported earlier,” Glick added, his voice intensifying fulminantly, â€Å"the Vatican has yet to offer any statement whatsoever regarding the heaven-sent events of last night .”\r\nGood. Chinitas nervousness waned some more. So far, so good.\r\nGlicks expression grew sorrowful now. â€Å"And though last night was a night of wonder, it was also a night of tragedy. Four cardinals perished in yesterdays conflict, along with Commander Olivetti and headwaiter Rocher of the Swiss Guard, both in the line of duty. some other casualties include Leonardo Vetra, the renowned CERN physicist and pioneer of antimatter technology, as well as Maximilian Kohler, the director of CERN, who apparently came to Vatican City in an effort to help but reportedly passed away in the process. No official report has been issued yet on Mr. Kohlers death, but conjecture is that he died due to complications brought on by a long-time illness.”\r\nMacri nodded. The report was going perfectly. Just as they discussed.\r\nâ€Å"And in the wake of the explosion in the slant over the Vatican last night, CERNs antimatter technology has become the hot topic among scientists, sp arking warmth and controversy. A statement read by Mr. Kohlers athletic supporter in Geneva, Sylvie Baudeloque, announced this morning that CERNs board of directors, although desirous about antimatters potential, are suspending all research and licensing until notwith stand up inquiries into its safety can be examined.”\r\nExcellent, Macri thought. Home stretch.\r\nâ€Å"notably absent from our screens tonight,” Glick reported, â€Å"is the face of Robert Langdon, the Harvard professor who came to Vatican City yesterday to lend his expertise during this Illuminati crisis. Although originally thought to have perished in the antimatter blast, we now have reports that Langdon was spotted in St. Peters Square after the explosion. How he got there is still speculation, although a spokesman from Hospital Tiberina claims that Mr. Langdon fell out of the sky into the Tiber River shortly after midnight, was treated, and released.” Glick arched his eyebrows at the came ra. â€Å"And if that is true… it was indeed a night of miracles.”\r\nPerfect ending! Macri felt herself smiling broadly. Flawless wrap! Now sign off!\r\nBut Glick did not sign off. Instead, he paused a moment and then stepped toward the camera. He had a mysterious smile. â€Å"But before we sign off…”\r\nNo!\r\nâ€Å"… I would like to clear a thickening to join me.”\r\nChinitas hands froze on the camera. A guest? What the hell is he doing? What guest! Sign off! But she knew it was too late. Glick had committed.\r\nâ€Å"The man I am about to introduce,” Glick said, â€Å"is an American… a renowned scholar.”\r\nChinita hesitated. She held her breath as Glick turned to the small crowd around them and motioned for his guest to step forward. Macri said a silent prayer. Please tell me he somehow located Robert Langdon… and not some Illuminati-conspiracy nutcase.\r\nBut as Glicks guest stepped out, Macris heart sank. It w as not Robert Langdon at all. It was a bald man in muddied jeans and a flannel shirt. He had a call down and thick glasses. Macri felt terror. Nutcase!\r\nâ€Å"whitethorn I introduce,” Glick announced, â€Å"the renowned Vatican scholar from De Paul University in Chicago. Dr. Joseph Vanek.”\r\nMacri now hesitated as the man joined Glick on camera. This was no conspiracy buff; Macri had actually heard of this guy.\r\nâ€Å"Dr. Vanek,” Glick said. â€Å"You have some rather startling information to character with us regarding last nights conclave.”\r\nâ€Å"I do indeed,” Vanek said. â€Å"after a night of such surprises, it is hard to imagine there are any surprises left… and yet…” He paused.\r\nGlick smiled. â€Å"And yet, there is a rummy twist to all this.”\r\nVanek nodded. â€Å"Yes. As perplexing as this will sound, I believe the College of Cardinals unknowingly elected ii Popes this weekend.”\r\nMacri almo st dropped the camera.\r\nGlick gave a shrewd smile. â€Å"Two Popes, you say?”\r\nThe scholar nodded. â€Å"Yes. I should first say that I have spent my life studying the laws of papal election. Conclave judicature is extremely complex, and much of it is now forgotten or ignored as obsolete. Even the Great Elector is probably not aware of what I am about to reveal. Nonetheless… accord to the ancient forgotten laws put forth in the Romano Pontifici Eligendo, Numero 63… balloting is not the only mode by which a Pope can be elected. there is another, more divine method. It is called ‘Acclamation by Adoration.” He paused. â€Å"And it happened last night.”\r\nGlick gave his guest a riveted look. â€Å"Please, go on.”\r\nâ€Å"As you may recall,” the scholar continued, â€Å"last night, when Camerlegno Carlo Ventresca was standing on the roof of the basilica, all of the cardinals below began vocation out his name in unison.†\r\nâ€Å"Yes, I recall.”\r\nâ€Å"With that image in mind, allow me to read verbatim from the ancient electoral laws.” The man pulled some papers from his pocket, clear his throat, and began to read. â€Å"‘Election by Adoration occurs when… all the cardinals, as if by inspiration of the Holy Spirit, freely and spontaneously, nem con and aloud, proclaim one individuals name.”\r\nGlick smiled. â€Å"So youre saying that last night, when the cardinals chanted Carlo Ventrescas name together, they actually elected him Pope?”\r\nâ€Å"They did indeed. Furthermore, the law states that Election by Adoration supercedes the cardinal eligibility requirement and permits any clergyman †ordained priest, bishop, or cardinal †to be elected. So, as you can see, the camerlegno was perfectly qualified for papal election by this procedure.” Dr. Vanek looked directly into the camera now. â€Å"The facts are these… Carlo Ventresca was el ected Pope last night. He reigned for just under seventeen minutes. And had he not ascended miraculously into a pillar of fire, he would now be buried in the Vatican Grottoes along with the other Popes.”\r\nâ€Å" convey you, doctor.” Glick turned to Macri with a soused wink. â€Å"Most illuminating…”\r\n137\r\nHigh atop the stairs of the Roman Coliseum, Vittoria laughed and called down to him. â€Å"Robert, hurry up! I knew I should have married a junior man!” Her smile was whoremaster.\r\nHe struggled to keep up, but his legs felt like stone. â€Å"Wait,” he begged. â€Å"Please…”\r\nThere was a pounding in his head.\r\nRobert Langdon awoke with a start.\r\nDarkness.\r\nHe lay still for a long time in the foreign softness of the bed, unable to range of a function out where he was. The pillows were goose down, oversized and wonderful. The air smelled of potpourri. Across the room, two glass doors stood open to a lavish balcon y, where a light breeze vie beneath a glistening cloud-swept lunation. Langdon tried to guess how he had gotten here… and where here was.\r\nSurreal wisps of memory sifted back into his consciousness…\r\nA pyre of hole-and-corner(a) fire… an angel materializing from out of the crowd… her soft hand taking his and leading him into the night… guiding his exhausted, battered body through the streets… leading him here… to this suite… propping him half-sleeping in a scalding hot consume… leading him to this bed… and watching over him as he fell asleep like the dead.\r\nIn the dimness now, Langdon could see a second bed. The sheets were tousled, but the bed was empty. From one of the adjoining rooms, he could hear the faint, steady stream of a exhibitioner.\r\nAs he gazed at Vittorias bed, he saw a boldly embroidered seal on her pillowcase. It read: HOTEL BERNINI. Langdon had to smile. Vittoria had chosen well. Old World lux ury overlooking Berninis Triton outflow… there was no more fitting hotel in all of Rome.\r\nAs Langdon lay there, he heard a pounding and realized what had awoken him. Someone was belt at the door. It grew louder.\r\nConfused, Langdon got up. Nobody knows were here, he thought, feeling a trace of uneasiness. Donning a luxuriant Hotel Bernini robe, he walked out of the bedroom into the suites foyer. He stood a moment at the heavy oak door, and then pulled it open.\r\nA powerful man adorned in lavish purple and yellow regalia stared down at him. â€Å"I am Lieutenant Chartrand,” the man said. â€Å"Vatican Swiss Guard.”\r\nLangdon knew full well who he was. â€Å"How… how did you find us?”\r\nâ€Å"I saw you leave the square last night. I followed you. Im relieved youre still here.”\r\nLangdon felt a sudden anxiety, wondering if the cardinals had sent Chartrand to escort Langdon and Vittoria back to Vatican City. after(prenominal) all, the t wo of them were the only two people beyond the College of Cardinals who knew the truth. They were a liability.\r\nâ€Å"His Holiness asked me to give this to you,” Chartrand said, handing over an gasbag sealed with the Vatican signet. Langdon opened the envelope and read the written note.\r\nMr. Langdon and Ms. Vetra,\r\nAlthough it is my profound desire to request your discretion in the matters of the past 24 hours, I cannot possibly bear to ask more of you than you have already given. I therefore humbly retreat hoping only that you let your hearts guide you in this matter. The world seems a better place today… perhaps the questions are more powerful than the answers.\r\nMy door is always open, His Holiness, Saverio Mortati\r\nLangdon read the message twice. The College of Cardinals had obviously chosen a dread and munificent leader.\r\nBefore Langdon could say anything, Chartrand produced a small package. â€Å"A token of thanks from His Holiness.”\r\nLangd on took the package. It was heavy, wrapped in brown paper.\r\nâ€Å"By his decree,” Chartrand said, â€Å"this artifact is on indistinct loan to you from the sacred Papal Vault. His Holiness asks only that in your last will and testament you ascertain it finds its way home.”\r\nLangdon opened the package and was struck speechless. It was the brand. The Illuminati Diamond.\r\nChartrand smiled. â€Å"May peace be with you.” He turned to go.\r\nâ€Å"Thank… you,” Langdon managed, his hands trembling around the precious gift.\r\nThe guard hesitated in the hall. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, may I ask you something?”\r\nâ€Å"Of course.”\r\nâ€Å"My fellow guards and I are curious. Those last few minutes… what happened up there in the helicopter?”\r\nLangdon felt a rush of anxiety. He knew this moment was climax †the moment of truth. He and Vittoria had talked about it last night as they stole away from St. Peters Square. And they had made their decision. Even before the Popes note.\r\nVittorias father had dreamed his antimatter discovery would bring about a spiritual awakening. Last nights events were no doubt not what he had intended, but the irrefutable fact remained… at this moment, around the world, people were considering God in ways they never had before. How long the magic would last, Langdon and Vittoria had no idea, but they knew they could never shatter the marvel with scandal and doubt. The Lord works in strange ways, Langdon told himself, wondering wryly if maybe… just maybe… yesterday had been Gods will after all.\r\nâ€Å"Mr. Langdon?” Chartrand repeated. â€Å"I was intercommunicate about the helicopter?”\r\nLangdon gave a sad smile. â€Å"Yes, I know…” He felt the words flow not from his mind but from his heart. â€Å"Perhaps it was the rape of the fall… but my memory… it seems… its all a blur…”\r\nChartrand slump ed. â€Å"You remember nothing?”\r\nLangdon sighed. â€Å"I fear it will remain a mystery forever.”\r\nWhen Robert Langdon returned to the bedroom, the vision awaiting him stopped him in his tracks. Vittoria stood on the balcony, her back to the railing, her eyes gazing deeply at him. She looked like a heavenly apparition… a radiant silhouette with the moon behind her. She could have been a Roman goddess, enshrouded in her white terrycloth robe, the drawstring cinched tight, accentuating her slender curves. rat her, a pale mist hung like a halo over Berninis Triton Fountain.\r\nLangdon felt wildly drawn to her… more than to any woman in his life. Quietly, he lay the Illuminati Diamond and the Popes letter on his bedside table. There would be time to explain all of that later. He went to her on the balcony.\r\nVittoria looked happy to see him. â€Å"Youre awake,” she said, in a coy whisper. â€Å"Finally.”\r\nLangdon smiled. â€Å"Long day.à ¢â‚¬Â\r\nShe ran a hand through her luxuriant hair, the neck of her robe locomote open slightly. â€Å"And now… I suppose you want your reward.”\r\nThe comment took Langdon off guard. â€Å"Im… sorry?”\r\nâ€Å"Were adults, Robert. You can grant it. You feel a longing. I see it in your eyes. A deep, carnal hunger.” She smiled. â€Å"I feel it too. And that thirst is about to be satisfied.”\r\nâ€Å"It is?” He felt hearten and took a step toward her.\r\nâ€Å"Completely.” She held up a room-service menu. â€Å"I ordered everything theyve got.”\r\nThe feast was sumptuous. They dined together by moonshine… sitting on their balcony… savoring frisee, truffles, and risotto. They sipped Dolcetto wine and talked late into the night.\r\nLangdon did not need to be a symbologist to read the signs Vittoria was sending him. During dessert of boysenberry cream with savoiardi and steam Romcaffe, Vittoria pressed her bar e legs against his beneath the table and set(p) him with a sultry stare. She seemed to be willing him to set down his fork and carry her off in his arms.\r\nBut Langdon did nothing. He remained the perfect gentleman. Two can play at this game, he thought, hiding a roguish smile.\r\nWhen all the food was eaten, Langdon retired to the edge of his bed where he sat alone, turning the Illuminati Diamond over and over in his hands, making repeated comments about the miracle of its symmetry. Vittoria stared at him, her confusion growing to an obvious frustration.\r\nâ€Å"You find that ambigram terribly interesting, dont you?” she demanded.\r\nLangdon nodded. â€Å"Mesmerizing.”\r\nâ€Å"Would you say its the most interesting thing in this room?”\r\nLangdon scratched his head, making a show of pondering it. â€Å"Well, there is one thing that interests me more.”\r\nShe smiled and took a step toward him. â€Å"That being?”\r\nâ€Å"How you disproved that Einstein theory employ tuna fish.”\r\nVittoria threw up her hands. â€Å"Dio m?¬o! bountiful with the tuna fish! Dont play with me, Im warning you.”\r\nLangdon grinned. â€Å" by chance for your next experiment, you could study flounders and prove the earth is flat.”\r\nVittoria was steamy now, but the first faint hints of an exasperated smile appeared on her lips. â€Å"For your information, professor, my next experiment will make scientific history. I plan to prove neutrinos have mass.”\r\nâ€Å"Neutrinos have mass?” Langdon shot her a immobilize look. â€Å"I didnt even know they were Catholic!”\r\nWith one fluid motion, she was on him, pinning him down. â€Å"I hope you believe in life after death, Robert Langdon.” Vittoria was express emotion as she straddled him, her hands holding him down, her eyes inflamed with a mischievous fire.\r\nâ€Å"Actually,” he choked, laughing harder now, â€Å"Ive always had trouble picturing anything beyond this world.”\r\nâ€Å"Really? So youve never had a religious experience? A perfect moment of glorious rapture?”\r\nLangdon move his head. â€Å"No, and I seriously doubt Im the kind of man who could ever have a religious experience.”\r\nVittoria slipped off her robe. â€Å"Youve never been to bed with a yoga master, have you?”\r\n'

'The European Chivalry: the Ideals and Practices\r'

'The Ideals and Practices Andrew Daniels Strayed University Abstract This publisher focuses on the approximationls and practices of valorousness, specific each(prenominal)y in the Middle Ages. During this period, a constitute of Ten Command custodyts pertaining to valorousness existed. Knights were evaluate to uphold a certain code that impacted their field, church, king, and fellow man. This paper will elaborate on those individual canons and explore what each mandate meant for a horse, and it will lay down how those obligations affected various aspects of their lives.Also, the paper will strikeing on heavily In relation to a entitles demeanor toward a woman, and the rules that were to be followed when engaging in courtly love. Lastly, one will put through how most of these ideas have carried into modern solar day, molaritygh they have been neutered throughout time. Picture King Arthur, a nickname In shining armor, waging war against his former nickname Lancelo t to prove his love for Guinevere. Most people witness such paintings when they hear the formulate â€Å"chivalry. While dragon-slaying knights and tales of rescuing damsels in distress have contributed to our nonion of chivalry, m any(prenominal)(prenominal) more than unifying aspects make up what it means to be chivalrous. I will be delving into the adjust marrow behind the principles and what it means to be a knight devoted to the ideals of chivalry. Knights first evolved in the eighth degree centigrade under the direction of the French ruler Charlemagne; It was from this time that the Idea of chivalry arose. Though the code of chivalry was never form solelyy written, it was understood by all as a way of culture and clean conduct.During the Middle Ages, knights upheld the ideals and practices delineated in The Code of valiancy. These value ranged from dedication to the church, to defending the weak and defending your country, and effect yourself to a higher standar d by organism convictionful to your word and wishing others. The unspoken Ten Commandments revealed the duties a knight was to defend. This paper will further rotate upon the customs of knights and their chivalric ways. one and alto arresther(a) of the major components of chivalry dealt with harboring the church.The first code stated, â€Å"thou shall intend all that the church teaches, and shall observe all its directions” (Marshall, 2002). The twinkling commandment simply stated, â€Å"thou shall defend the church building” (Marshall, 2002). In the Middle Ages Christianity in ten tort AT cottontails was ten only practice religion. I en snuck played a Olsten and dominate grapheme in the majority of peoples lives, non only chivalrous knights. Beginning as free peasants, knights often take churches. Due to such violence, Rome declared knights the protectors of churches commencement in the tenth vitamin C and threatening sanctions against every who ransa cked churches.Later, in the 1 lath century, the Truce of divinity asserted that knights should not make war on all holy days, all saints days or Thursday through Sunday. Abiding to these rules meant that knights exhibited their chivalric province by observing the churches directions. non only did the knights protect the church, but the church protected the knights estate if he embarked on a Crusade to Jerusalem, the supposed interment sight of Jesus. During his time away, the knight was in addition alleviate from paying taxes to the church (Warrior Challenge, 2003).While knights were essential to defend the church, they were in like manner expected to defend the weak, according to the Code of Chivalry (Marshall, 2002). Knights were expected to protect the weak and innocent. Given a plot of land for their services, rather than monetary compensation, knights were required to oversee the land in allege to economise agricultural procedures running smoothly and to ensure the p ublic assistance over their serfs. Another knightly duty was to vindicate the wronged. This was possible with extensive training from the age of heptad to twenty one.In this fourteen year span, knights learned everything from hunt and falconry to wielding a battle and vaulting on a horse in heavy armor (M devicein, 1991). With a repertoire of experiences such as these, knights were surely hooked to shield anyone weaker than them. Moreover, knights â€Å"shall love the country in which thou waist born” (Marshall, 2002). Knights upheld this chivalric code by living to serve their king and country. In the eighth century when Charlemagne ruled over his vast empire he enacted many longstanding ideas both in religion and education.During this period he and his vassals were involved in protecting their borders; without such a charismatic drawing card knights may not have been so have to serve and defend their king and country. In order to exhibit love for his country, the knigh t was sure to come after the king, country, and Code of Chivalry. The fifth commandment found in the code of chivalry, â€Å"thou shall not recoil onward thing enemy (Marshall, 2002). In a time when battles were common, knights were expected to squeeze with honor and die with valor. These traits would have been taught to these men when they were squires training to be knights.However, knights also established principles of what not to do in battle. It was thought chivalrous to never attack an unarmed foe, never use a weapon on an opponent not re lay to the attack, and never attack from behind (Marshall, 2002). By maintaining these principles a knight showed remark to themselves, their king and their country. The next commandment reads, â€Å"thou shall make war against the Infidel without necromancer and without mercy,” which relates to the s eveth commandment â€Å"thou snail practise scrupulously tiny Teal outlets, IT teen De not contrary to ten laws AT God” (Marshall, 2002).Certain tasks categorize under these two commandments were thought of as chivalrous. One such task stated that knights were to destroy wretched in all of its atrocious forms. Knights were required to fight for the ideals of their king, country and chivalry, which meant annihilating all those that attempted to appropriate land or rob people inwardly the kingdoms borders in which a knight resided. Protection of ones country by destroying the enemy appeaseed a priority for knights, as long as they did not betray any teachings of the church.Knights also abided by the code, â€Å"thou shall never lie, and shall remain faithful to thy pledged word” (Marshall, 2002). It was thought adventurous to live a life complete with respect and honor. Knights should not take for granted their freedom or their livelihood, and they must remain thankful for the opportunities provided to them. Of course, if knights kept their word of honor, they must avoid lying or trick th eir fellow man. Living an existence abundant of hypocrisy would defy the principals hose chivalrous men were to uphold.Just as it was thought unethical to deceive their fellow man, it was also thought improper to desert a star or ally in need. Likewise, knights were not to precede a noble cause, whether it presented itself in the form of a battle, defending ones church, or protecting ones country (Marshall, 2002). By living a truthful, honest existence, knights became role models of adapted gentlemen, which have contributed to our current view of the word chivalry today. Additionally, the code of chivalry demands, â€Å"thou shall be generous, and turn back largesse to everyone” (Marshall, 2002).Sir Thomas Malory provides a glimpse into such charitable actions as he recounts a scene between King Arthur and Sir Lancelot in his legend El Mortem dart. After Arthur learns of Lancelot and Gunrunners affair, he wages war against Lancets kingdom, only to find himself at the mer cy of Lancelot and his kinsman, Sir Boors sword Not so hardy, express Sir Lancelot, upon pain of thy head, that thou touch him no more, for I will never see that most noble king that made me knight neither slain en shamed.And therewith Sir Lancelot alighted attain his horse and took up the king ND horsed him again, and said thus: My lord Arthur, for Gods love stint this strife, for ye get here no worship, and I would do mine utterance, but always I forbear you, and ye nor none of yours forbear me; my lord, remember what I have make in many places, and now I am evil rewarded (Taylor, 2010, Para. L). Lancelot spares Urethras life, remembering when Arthur once placed his faith in Lancelot by making him his knight. Despite the wrangling between the former friends over Guinevere, they still respect one another.In this instance Lancets generosity outweighs his desire to bastinado Arthur. Such demonstrations of largesse, whether legend or not, reveal the true meaning behind this comma ndment. The final commandment put down in the Code of Chivalry states, â€Å"thou shall be everywhere and always the champion of the Right and the nigh against Injustice an Eve â€Å"(Marshall,2 I Nils last commandment Disloyally encapsulates ten tore mentioned orders, reminding knights to live for all that is virtuous and to reenforce the need to respect the potential of country, church and king.Knights were to avoid certain practices such as torture and deceit; they were to remain loyal to their friends ND those who placed their trust in them. Furthermore, the concept of respecting women was considered a significant courtesy, though not directly mentioned in the Ten Commandments of Chivalry. Men were to exhibit manners at all times, and they must be polite and careful to women. Additionally, gentlemen showed respect to whoever should be their host.Andrea Aquaplanes, a 12th century author, wrote De Amour, known today in English as The Art of Courtly Love. In his work, he add resses the â€Å" 12 chief rules of love,” and elaborates on thirty-one aspect of â€Å"the art of courtly love. Rules that men must abide by consisted of topics such as chastity: â€Å"Thou shall guard thyself chaste for the sake of her whom thou loves” (Marshall, 2002). Within these numerous rules, one can see what was thought of as proper in a relationship and the kindness that was displayed toward women (Marshall, 2002).Concepts such as this reveal the origins of present day views on chivalry or in some opinions, the lack of chivalry. Overall, I feel the principles that contribute to the idea of chivalry, whether or not construed by legend, are grand ones. The codes that knights abided by revealed number of characteristics: faith, loyalty, strength, honesty, generosity and courtesy. I believe living an existence according to these principles, or even attempting to attain such standards, makes a person a superior, well-rounded individual.Incorporating such chara cteristics into ones everyday life allows a person to be more virtuous, and these values reinforce ones relationship with the church, country and allies. The romanticism of chivalry has survived to present day, though the code is not held to standards nearly as high as in the past with the majority of the ideas falling to the wayside. I believe a greening of several of these notions could benefit factions of society and reinstate principles that should be essential for all mankind.\r\n'

'How does John Boyne use the character of Shmuel to show the suffering of Jewish people under the Nazis? Essay\r'

'There ar m whatso invariably refers in the give ‘The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ that show how the Jews were treated under national socialist control, through Bruno’s friend from the other stance of the fence. However, the author does this in a clever and droll panache; through his clothes. An example of this is found on scalawag one carbon and six in chapter ten, where Shmuel â€Å"wore the same striped pyjamas that whole the other state on that side of the fence wore, and a striped clothed cap on his head.\r\n” This tells the reader that he is not seen as an individual at the tautness camping area, solely as part of a pigeonholing with no personal identity as he is identical to everyone else. John Boyne then goes on to say â€Å"He wasn’t diging any shoes or socks and his feet were rather dirty. On his limb he wore an armband with a star on it. ”, hinting that Shmuel is spending this period of his life in poor conditions repay suitable to the fact that he is a Jew. The reader isn’t only informed of his religion from the concentration camp, but too because he is wearing the Star of David, which identifies himfromotherfaiths.\r\nIn chapter nineteen on page two hundred and five, Bruno planned to join his friend on the other side of the fence before going shell to Berlin. However, before he had a chance to move under the fence, Shmuel â€Å"pointed at Bruno’s feet and the heavy boots he had taken from the house. â€Å"You’ll have to leave them behind too,” he said. ” Although at first this simply reveals that Shmuel isn’t allowed to wear any footwear, it also shows that the Jews have no extract in what to wear, which leads the reader to believe they have no choice in anything they do at all and they are under control.\r\nThis also creates an aspect of savvy as the reader wishes to help the innocent maltreat victims when all that separates them and Bruno, who has a wonderful life, is a fence. The final most important thing that we learn astir(predicate) the Jews in the novel from the moment we meet Schmuel is how untold their make its have changed due to their faith and how it affects them. This is shown on page one hundred and twenty seven where Bruno is told by his friend that every time him, his family and his Mother â€Å" odd the house, she told us we had to wear one of these armbands.\r\n” The reader bath see how big of a deal existence Jewish was at the time, even before he arrived at the camp, and how the people of the religion couldn’t live a normal life like everyone else. It shows how he was forced to show who he was and wasn’t able to be seen in public without labelling himself for everyone to see, as if macrocosm different was something to be ashamed of. It also tells the news report of why he has been taken to the concentration camp as we know what the armband was for, whereas Shmuel does no t.\r\nWhen Bruno first saw Shmuel he was looking down into the dirt in heart solitude and Bruno even states that he ‘had never seen a skinnier or sadder boy in his life. ’ You can also tell that he is a very ill, the quote ‘ his skin was almost the colour of grey’ tells us that the Jews receive little food from the camp explaining his necessarily for food later on in the reserve and that he may have been kept in dark,crowded areas. Grey is also known to be associated with near-death or depression adding to his negative appearance.\r\nWe also learn that he is a very scared indiviual as thoughout the book he shows fear towards the soilders especially Lieutenant Kolter from quotes such as ‘there aren’t any true soliders’ and ‘if they catch me I’ll be in anesthetize’ showing that the Jews must(prenominal) be treated odiously by the soldiers even resulting in some of the bruises recived by Schmuel mentioned in the book. The one quote that I wish was the hope that Shmuel had of getting out one twenty-four hour period. This was on page 179,chapter 16 after Bruno had said approximately playing or exploring, and he’s never had a friend that he hasn’t vie with before.\r\nShmuel then said â€Å"maybe someday we will, if they ever let us out” which I popular opinion brought a sense of pity on Shmuel from a reader’s point of view, as he and the rest of the Jews, are still hoping that one day they will let him out or they’ll be able to get out. At the time this must have been really difficult to keep intellection, because of the way they treated all the people on that side of the fence. But that was maybe one of the things that helped them pass the time, thinking about being let out, and living with their family once more and seeing some old friends.\r\n'

'Truman Doctrine\r'

'Truman philosophy Ryan Hauppa A. propose of Investigation The sp are-time activity questions provide be investigated: What were the all the samets and decisions that lead to the development of the Truman dogma? What was its effect on US Foreign polity and its impact on Greece, jokester and Europe? look for willing be conducted concerning the n cardinal military personnel state of war II Treaties as Potsdam, Soviet confed seasontion aggression, and the Hellenic and joker Crisis. These events prompted the development of the Truman article of faith †the US contrasted form _or_ system of government to contain the open up of fabianism.\r\nTruman’s 1947 s stop that introduced the doctrine to the human race, his possess own(prenominal) thoughts, and the validate and denunciation of the policy will be examined. The doctrine will be analyzed as to how it shaped emerging Ameri undersurface policies and programs as the marshall intention and light-em itting diode to the collapse of the Soviet confederacy and the termi domain of the algid warfare oer xl geezerhood subsequent. (Word wait -143) B. Summary of Evidence World fight II devastated Europe. Millions of people died. military personnely of those be were starving and in need of food and auspices since the farms and cities of some(prenominal) countries were destroyed.\r\nBillions of dollars were spent. countingries were almost bankrupt. Europe was in scotch, social, and g all oernmental devastation. afterward the give birth of Germany in 1945, the linked submits, cracking Britain, and the Soviet totality met first at Yalta and later on at Potsdam in Germany. They met to re mould war reparations and boundaries of Germany. As part of the agreements, Germany was shared into East and West. The east peck was controlled by the Soviet sum and the West by the light upon in realms, coupled Kingdom, and France. Berlin, the capital, which is inside Eastern G ermany, was in addition divided by the four countries. Pemberton 50) In 1945 and 1946, Stalin, the attraction of the Soviet Union, had been fetching over new countries including Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Czechoslovakia by take a shiting governments favorable to him. (CNN shivery War addendum Maps) The Soviet Union foc utilise coterminous on Greece and washout. In February of 1947, Great Britain intercommunicate the linked States in a â€Å"State part Telegram” that that they could no long-run provide pecuniary aid to the governments of Greece and dud since they did non chip in the funds and re offsets.\r\nBoth governments were being imperil by communistic insurgents. (Truman Library Telegram 1) Truman plight that â€Å"it must be the policy of the fall in States to oppose free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside wardrobes” in a â€Å"Address of the chairperson of the united States” in expos e of 1947. (Truman Address 1) The sparing aid program was high-priced amounting to total of more than than $400 million for the cardinal countries to aid the pro-democracy governments and discriminate the Communists. The policy was later called the Truman tenet.\r\n social intercourse was divided over the program. Democrats wanted to give airiness and the newly form joined Nations a recover while Republicans were isolationist and concerned that the program was besides apostrophizely. Despite a divided Congress, the program was urinate since both in conclusion were more concerned over the blossom of socialism in the region. The insensate War confrontation had begun. The unify States and its principles of granting immunity, capitalism, and democracy were fighting philosophically and economically against fabianism and the Soviet Union. Donovan 286) Truman and George marshal, his Secretary of State, indeed prepared for even great aid for the persist of Europe. Thei r objective was to make horse opera Europe and resist a communism take over of the stay free nations. The policy was called the Marshall image, the European stinting Recovery Program. everyplace $13 billion in aid was provided in 1947. (Truman Memoirs 111) The Cold War was expanded. Stalin assay to disrupt the United States and its allies in 1948 and 1949 by shutting coldcock access to Berlin.\r\nTruman responded by airlifting supplies into the urban center until access as again. (Pemberton 102) after(prenominal)ward, the North Atlantic conformity Organization was create in 1949 to defend Western Europe militarily against a Soviet trespass as response by the United States in the Cold War. The Soviet Union in construction allied the Eastern European nations under the capital of Poland Pact. (Pemberton 104) The Berlin hem in, the symbol of the Cold War, was built in 1961 and later torn waste in 1989 after many years of conflict. The Soviet Union ultimately collapsed in 1991. (Word reckoning †567) C.\r\n military rank of Sources The most important starting time in look into the topic of the Truman principle is chairperson Truman’s Memoirs. The effective 1947 â€Å" chairial Address Recommending for service to Greece and Turkey” and faultfinding government documents as the â€Å"State Department Telegrams for Greece, Turkey and the USSR are included. Truman gives his own ain view renders of what happened while he was President. The investigateer can take for a blow over view from the president himself. From his writings, you can tell that Truman was a hard working, â€Å"tell it the like it is” man.\r\nWhen he make a decision, he stuck with it and travel on. The decision to last with the Truman Doctrine and Marshall jut was difficult and not very popular, but Truman did it because he thought it was the honorable thing to do. The limit of the source is that it was write by Truman and may make him wait o n too favorable. The some early(a) source most used was the book indite by Robert Donovan, The Presidency of stimulate Truman 1945-1958 combat & Crisis. Mr. Donovan was a journalist at the sporty House during the Truman presidency.\r\nHe provided critical firsthand insights into the true(a) events through his notes and research from the actual participants. His research into the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan was more thorough and solid ground-wide than most of the some otherwise sources used that were cited in the research paper. Mr. Donovan provides an excellent historical scene of the pros and cons of Truman’s and his provide’s decisions. The limitation of the source is that the book was written in 1977 so it does not include the perspective after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Soviet Union and Communism in Europe. Word Count †285) D. Analysis Truman in his Memoirs describes his 1947 Address as follows: â€Å"This was, I be lieve, the turning point in the States’s foreign policy, which like a shot declared that wherever aggression, fill or indirect, menace by public security, the security of the United States was involved…After I delivered the speech the world reaction proved that this approach had been the right one”. Truman went on go on to describe in other addresses â€Å"the alternate fashions of life…\r\nOne charge is based on the will of the studyity, and is distinguished by free institutions, voice government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and organized religion and freedom from political oppression…The second mood of life is based upon the will of the minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, indomitable elections and the suppression of personal freedoms”. (106) Truman believes that the United States and its elective dash of life is better thus the Soviet Union and its evil oppressive way of life.\r\nHe wanted to make sure that the world understood his shipment by his strong language. The Communists should not rapidly take over free countries and threaten the United States and its allies. His own divided Congress should mind of the past policies of isolationism and the swear that diplomacy and the United Nations could solve the crisis. The Soviet Union already had taken over the Eastern European countries in violation of the Yalta and Potsdam agreements. The Greece and Turkey crisis was critical to success in the Cold War. If any Greece or Turkey fell to the Soviet Union, the other would follow.\r\nMore nations would cotton on â€Å"as a rowing of falling dominos” extending Soviet domination to Europe, the center of attention East anele fields, and Africa. (Hamby 391) (CNN Cold War cecal appendage Maps) Communism could consume spread very quickly worldwide, but it did not. The Truman Doctrin e is the epitome of the containment of Communism. (Donovan 284) Greece, Turkey, Europe, and even Russia, the causality Soviet Union, are currently free and democratic nations. Europe was in economic, political, and social devastation after World War II. Winston Churchill once declared, â€Å"What is Europe without delay?\r\nIt is a rubble-heap, a charnel house, a conduct ground of pestilence and hate. ” It was the perfect time for the Soviet Union to support Communism. (Goldman 66) At over $13 billion, it was aid on a much great scale. The Truman Doctrine prompted the Marshall Plan. Truman in his Memoirs claimed that the plan was real to do the side by side(p): (1) Counter increasing pressure of Communist imperialism, and (2) rebuild Europe. By rebuilding Europe, America would help to establish that healthy economic symmetricalness which is essential to the peace of the world. 111) Rebuilding Europe was not only a national security fool sex but excessively a natio nal economic issue. At the end of World War II, the United States was a major exporter. (Donovan 287) Without a strong Europe, the United States would likely bring forth had a poor scrimping for many years because of lack of trade with Europe. Instead, the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan led to over 50 years of successfulness for Europe and the United States and the end of the Cold War. (Word Count †534) E. Conclusion With the Truman Doctrine, the United States entered a new era of foreign policy.\r\nGreat Britain, France, and Germany were no longer the colonial personnels. The United States was the most flop free nation in the world. The balance of power changed. Over the next forty years, the United States and the Soviet Union fought a Cold War for a way of life. The United States spent trillions of dollars, but the spread of Communism in Europe was contained. The result would make water never have occurred had it not been for Truman’s cobwebby move in Greece and Turkey. The cost was great, but the cost would have been greater if United States lost. Europe could have turned Communist.\r\nInstead, the Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union collapsed. Russia has enacted democratic reforms and a capitalist economy, which is ultimate proof of the triumph of the Truman Doctrine. (Word Count †148) F. disposition of Sources Donovan, Robert, The Presidency of blight Truman 1945-1958 Conflict & Crisis, Columbia: University of atomic number 42 Press, 1977. Goldman, Eric Frederick, The Crucial Decade and After: America, 1945-1960, New York: haphazard House Inc. , 1956. Hamby, Alonzo L, A life story of chevy S. Truman, Man of the People, New York: Oxford University Press Inc, 1995. Pemberton, William, devastate S.\r\nTruman, Fair head teacher & Cold Warrior, Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1989. State Department, â€Å"Summary of Telegrams for Greece, Poland and USSR,” 25 February 1947, Truman Presidential Museum and Library, 1 5 April 2003 Truman, Harry S. , â€Å"Address of the President of the United States: Recommendation of tending to Greece and Turkey,” 12 abut 1947 Truman Presidential Museum and Library, 15 April 2003 Truman, Harry S. , Memoirs of Harry S. Truman, vol. 2. tend City, Time, Inc. 1956. Woelfel, Scott, â€Å"Interactive Maps,” Cold War, CNN Interactive, April 1999 Oct 15, 2005 G. Appendix\r\nTruman Doctrine\r\nTruman Doctrine Ryan Hauppa A. Plan of Investigation The following questions will be investigated: What were the events and decisions that led to the development of the Truman Doctrine? What was its effect on US Foreign Policy and its impact on Greece, Turkey and Europe? Research will be conducted concerning the Post World War II Treaties as Potsdam, Soviet Union aggression, and the Greek and Turkey Crisis. These events prompted the development of the Truman Doctrine †the US foreign policy to contain the spread of Communism.\r\nTruman’s 1947 Address th at introduced the doctrine to the world, his own personal thoughts, and the support and criticism of the policy will be examined. The doctrine will be analyzed as to how it shaped future American policies and programs as the Marshall Plan and led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War over forty years later. (Word Count -143) B. Summary of Evidence World War II devastated Europe. Millions of people died. Many of those remaining were starving and in need of food and shelter since the farms and cities of many countries were destroyed.\r\nBillions of dollars were spent. Countries were nearly bankrupt. Europe was in economic, social, and political devastation. After the surrender of Germany in 1945, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union met first at Yalta and later at Potsdam in Germany. They met to resolve war reparations and boundaries of Germany. As part of the agreements, Germany was divided into East and West. The Eastern portion was contro lled by the Soviet Union and the West by the United States, United Kingdom, and France. Berlin, the capital, which is inside Eastern Germany, was also divided by the four countries. Pemberton 50) In 1945 and 1946, Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, had been taking over new countries including Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Czechoslovakia by establishing governments favorable to him. (CNN Cold War Appendix Maps) The Soviet Union cogitate next on Greece and Turkey. In February of 1947, Great Britain informed the United States in a â€Å"State Department Telegram” that that they could no longer provide financial aid to the governments of Greece and Turkey since they did not have the money and resources.\r\nBoth governments were being threatened by Communist insurgents. (Truman Library Telegram 1) Truman pledged that â€Å"it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures† in a â€Å"Address of the President of the United States” in March of 1947. (Truman Address 1) The economic aid program was costly amounting to total of more than $400 million for the two countries to aid the pro-democracy governments and oppose the Communists. The policy was later called the Truman Doctrine.\r\nCongress was divided over the program. Democrats wanted to give diplomacy and the newly formed United Nations a chance while Republicans were isolationist and concerned that the program was too costly. Despite a divided Congress, the program was adopted since both eventually were more concerned over the spread of Communism in the region. The Cold War confrontation had begun. The United States and its principles of freedom, capitalism, and democracy were fighting philosophically and economically against Communism and the Soviet Union. Donovan 286) Truman and George Marshall, his Secretary of State, then prepared for even greater aid for the rest of Europe. Their obje ctive was to rebuild Western Europe and prevent a Communism take over of the remaining free nations. The policy was called the Marshall Plan, the European Economic Recovery Program. Over $13 billion in aid was provided in 1947. (Truman Memoirs 111) The Cold War was expanded. Stalin tried to disrupt the United States and its allies in 1948 and 1949 by shutting down access to Berlin.\r\nTruman responded by airlifting supplies into the city until access as again. (Pemberton 102) Afterward, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in 1949 to defend Western Europe militarily against a Soviet invasion as response by the United States in the Cold War. The Soviet Union in turn allied the Eastern European nations under the Warsaw Pact. (Pemberton 104) The Berlin Wall, the symbol of the Cold War, was built in 1961 and later torn down in 1989 after many years of conflict. The Soviet Union ultimately collapsed in 1991. (Word Count †567) C.\r\nEvaluation of Sources The most importa nt source in investigating the topic of the Truman Doctrine is President Truman’s Memoirs. The actual 1947 â€Å"Presidential Address Recommending for Assistance to Greece and Turkey” and critical government documents as the â€Å"State Department Telegrams for Greece, Turkey and the USSR are included. Truman gives his own personal viewpoints of what happened while he was President. The researcher can obtain a clear view from the president himself. From his writings, you can tell that Truman was a hard working, â€Å"tell it like it is” man.\r\nWhen he made a decision, he stuck with it and moved on. The decision to proceed with the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan was difficult and not very popular, but Truman did it because he thought it was the right thing to do. The limitation of the source is that it was written by Truman and may make him look too favorable. The other source most used was the book written by Robert Donovan, The Presidency of Harry Truman 1 945-1958 Conflict & Crisis. Mr. Donovan was a journalist at the White House during the Truman presidency.\r\nHe provided critical firsthand insights into the actual events through his notes and research from the actual participants. His research into the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan was more thorough and comprehensive than most of the other sources used that were cited in the research paper. Mr. Donovan provides an excellent historical perspective of the pros and cons of Truman’s and his staff’s decisions. The limitation of the source is that the book was written in 1977 so it does not include the perspective after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Soviet Union and Communism in Europe. Word Count †285) D. Analysis Truman in his Memoirs describes his 1947 Address as follows: â€Å"This was, I believe, the turning point in America’s foreign policy, which now declared that wherever aggression, direct or indirect, threatened by peace, th e security of the United States was involved…After I delivered the speech the world reaction proved that this approach had been the right one”. Truman went on further to describe in other addresses â€Å"the alternate shipway of life…\r\nOne way is based on the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion and freedom from political oppression…The second way of life is based upon the will of the minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections and the suppression of personal freedoms”. (106) Truman believes that the United States and its democratic way of life is better then the Soviet Union and its evil oppressive way of life.\r\nHe wanted to make sure that the world understood his commitment by his strong language. The Communists should not quick ly take over free countries and threaten the United States and its allies. His own divided Congress should beware of the past policies of isolationism and the hope that diplomacy and the United Nations could solve the crisis. The Soviet Union already had taken over the Eastern European countries in violation of the Yalta and Potsdam agreements. The Greece and Turkey crisis was critical to victory in the Cold War. If either Greece or Turkey fell to the Soviet Union, the other would follow.\r\nMore nations would tumble â€Å"as a row of falling dominoes” extending Soviet domination to Europe, the Middle East oil fields, and Africa. (Hamby 391) (CNN Cold War Appendix Maps) Communism could have spread very quickly worldwide, but it did not. The Truman Doctrine is the epitome of the containment of Communism. (Donovan 284) Greece, Turkey, Europe, and even Russia, the former Soviet Union, are currently free and democratic nations. Europe was in economic, political, and social devast ation after World War II. Winston Churchill once declared, â€Å"What is Europe now?\r\nIt is a rubble-heap, a charnel house, a breeding ground of pestilence and hate. ” It was the perfect time for the Soviet Union to support Communism. (Goldman 66) At over $13 billion, it was aid on a much greater scale. The Truman Doctrine prompted the Marshall Plan. Truman in his Memoirs claimed that the plan was developed to do the following: (1) Counter increasing pressure of Communist imperialism, and (2) Rebuild Europe. By rebuilding Europe, America would help to establish that healthy economic balance which is essential to the peace of the world. 111) Rebuilding Europe was not only a national security issue but also a national economic issue. At the end of World War II, the United States was a major exporter. (Donovan 287) Without a strong Europe, the United States would likely have had a poor economy for many years because of lack of trade with Europe. Instead, the Truman Doctrine an d Marshall Plan led to over fifty years of prosperity for Europe and the United States and the end of the Cold War. (Word Count †534) E. Conclusion With the Truman Doctrine, the United States entered a new era of foreign policy.\r\nGreat Britain, France, and Germany were no longer the colonial powers. The United States was the most powerful free nation in the world. The balance of power changed. Over the next forty years, the United States and the Soviet Union fought a Cold War for a way of life. The United States spent trillions of dollars, but the spread of Communism in Europe was contained. The result would have never have occurred had it not been for Truman’s bold move in Greece and Turkey. The cost was great, but the cost would have been greater if United States lost. Europe could have turned Communist.\r\nInstead, the Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union collapsed. Russia has enacted democratic reforms and a capitalist economy, which is ultimate proof of the success of the Truman Doctrine. (Word Count †148) F. List of Sources Donovan, Robert, The Presidency of Harry Truman 1945-1958 Conflict & Crisis, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1977. Goldman, Eric Frederick, The Crucial Decade and After: America, 1945-1960, New York: Random House Inc. , 1956. Hamby, Alonzo L, A Life of Harry S. Truman, Man of the People, New York: Oxford University Press Inc, 1995. Pemberton, William, Harry S.\r\nTruman, Fair Dealer & Cold Warrior, Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1989. State Department, â€Å"Summary of Telegrams for Greece, Poland and USSR,” 25 February 1947, Truman Presidential Museum and Library, 15 April 2003 Truman, Harry S. , â€Å"Address of the President of the United States: Recommendation of Assistance to Greece and Turkey,” 12 March 1947 Truman Presidential Museum and Library, 15 April 2003 Truman, Harry S. , Memoirs of Harry S. Truman, vol. 2. Garden City, Time, Inc. 1956. Woelfel, Scott, â€Å"Interactive Maps,â € Cold War, CNN Interactive, April 1999 Oct 15, 2005 G. Appendix\r\n'